System and method for using a memory buffer to stream data from a tape to multiple clients

ABSTRACT

Embodiments described herein provide systems and methods for streaming data to multiple reading clients. More particularly, embodiments described herein provide systems and methods for using a memory buffer to stream file data from a mounted tape file system volume to multiple reading clients.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of, and claims a benefit of priorityunder 35 U.S.C. 120 of the filing date of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/459,531 filed Apr. 30, 2012, by inventor Michael Eric Lenoxentitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR USING A MEMORY BUFFER TO STREAM DATAFROM A TAPE TO MULTIPLE CLIENTS”, the entire contents of which arehereby expressly incorporated by reference for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments described herein provide systems and methods for streamingdata to multiple reading clients. More particularly, embodimentsdescribed herein provide systems and methods for using a memory bufferto stream file data from a mounted tape file system volume to multiplereading clients.

BACKGROUND

Businesses, governmental organizations and other entities areincreasingly saving large volumes of data necessary for dailyoperations. This data represents a significant asset for these entities.Consequently, data loss, whether accidental or caused by maliciousactivity, can be costly in terms of wasted manpower, loss of goodwillfrom customers, loss of time and potential legal liability. To ensureproper protection of data for business and legal purposes (e.g., toensure quick recovery of data in the event of a disaster, to comply withdocument retention requirements, etc.), these entities often back updata to a physical media, such as magnetic tapes or optical disks on aregular basis.

Traditional backup systems placed an application server, backup server,source device, destination device and a local area network (“LAN”) inthe data path of backup operations. Under these systems, the LANs werebecoming overburdened by the amount of data being copied. Often, thebackup window (the period in which data unavailable for normaloperations in order to permit backup) was too short to achieve acomplete backup of data. Accordingly, many entities implemented StorageArea Networks (“SAN”) to relieve the burden of mass data storage andbackup from the LAN, freeing the LAN for more immediate data storage andmanipulation operations. In SANs data from multiple machines on anetwork may be backed up to a remote media library. Centralized databackup allows storage problems to be identified at one location and hasthe advantage of increased efficiency.

One example of a media library commonly used in enterprise backupsystems is a magnetic tape library. In a typical magnetic tape library,tapes are contained in cartridges and the tape library contains multiplecartridge slots in which tape cartridges can be stored. The tapecartridges are physically moved between cartridge slots and tape drivesby a robot. The robot is controlled by access commands received from thehost devices on the network. When specific data is required, the hostdevice determines which cartridge slot contains the tape cartridge thatholds the desired data. The host device then transmits a move-elementcommand to the robot and the robot moves the tape cartridge.

Recently, the Linear or Long Term File System (LTFS) FormatSpecification by IBM and Ultrium (hereby fully incorporated by referencein its entirety for all purposes) has been developed, which defines afile system for LTO-5 tapes, LTO-6 tapes and may be extended to othertapes using an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) schema architecture.This file system support allows the use of an LTFS-formatted tape as ifit were a file system. Files and directories may appear in a directorylisting, files may be dragged and dropped from tape, data may beaccessed at the file level, etc.

Consequently, while it previously was necessary to make use of a backupapplication to write and read tapes, the introduction of LTFS hassimplified the storing and retrieval of files on tape by reducing suchoperations to a copy. Furthermore, any operating system that includesLTFS support can mount an LTFS formatted tape and read and write thefiles thereon.

However, LTFS does not provide an adequate mechanism for making thefiles on LTFS tapes available over a network to multiple clients.

SUMMARY

Embodiments described herein provide systems and methods for using amemory buffer to stream file data from a mounted tape to multiplereading clients.

One embodiment described herein can include a system for providing anetwork based file system comprising a memory, a processor and acomputer readable storage medium storing a set of computer programinstructions. The computer instructions can be executable to initiate atape streaming session corresponding to a requested file and allocate acircular buffer in a memory for the tape streaming session. The computerprogram instructions can be further executable to perform the followingsteps during the tape streaming session: store file data read from anLTFS volume in the buffer, restore the file to the disk-based cache fromthe buffer, reply to read requests for file data of the file fromnon-lagging network file system interface clients associated with thetape streaming session from the buffer and reply to read requests forfile data of the file from lagging network file system interface clientsfrom the disk-based cache.

Another embodiment can comprise a computer program product comprisingnon-transitory computer readable medium storing a set of computerprogram instructions. The computer program instructions can compriseinstructions executable to initiate a tape streaming sessioncorresponding to a file, allocate a circular buffer in memory for thetape streaming session, store file data in the buffer read from an LTFSvolume, restore a file to the disk-based cache from the buffer, reply toread requests for file data from non-lagging network file systeminterface clients associated with the tape streaming session from thebuffer and reply to read requests for file data from lagging networkfile system interface clients from the disk-based cache.

Yet another embodiment can include a method for streaming file data froma tape. The method can include the steps of interfacing with a medialibrary having tapes storing files according to a tape file system,maintaining a read cache of files in a data store that contains filestubs of files in the media library and presenting a network file systeminterface to clients. The method can further include, for a request fora file having a file stub in the read cache, initiating a tape streamingsession corresponding to the file and allocating a buffer in memory forthe tape streaming session. The method can still further include storingfile data for the file read from a tape file system volume in thebuffer, restoring the file to the data store from the buffer, replyingto read requests for file data of the file from the buffer for readrequests from non-lagging network file system interface clientsassociated with the tape streaming session and replying to read requestsfor file data of the file from the data store from lagging network filesystem interface clients.

Embodiments described herein provide an advantage by removing theslowest reading components from the streaming buffer.

Embodiments described herein provide another advantage because networkfile system interface clients are able to read the file as fast aspossible within the limits of connection speed and the tape drive'sability to read the file from tape.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings accompanying and forming part of this specification areincluded to depict certain aspects of the invention. A clearerimpression of the invention, and of the components and operation ofsystems provided with the invention, will become more readily apparentby referring to the exemplary, and therefore nonlimiting, embodimentsillustrated in the drawings, wherein identical reference numeralsdesignate the same components. Note that the features illustrated in thedrawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of systemcomprising an Archive Node Appliance.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of an ArchiveNode Appliance.

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of an ArchiveNode Appliance.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of an ArchiveNode Appliance.

FIGS. 5A-5D are diagrammatic representations of one embodiment of aschema.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a method forstoring a file.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a method forstoring metadata of one file system on a tape using another file system.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of data stored on atape.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating another embodiment of storingmetadata of one file system on a tape using another file system.

FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of a tapestreaming session.

FIG. 11 is diagrammatic representation of various states of anembodiment of writing to and reading from a buffer.

FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic representation of various states of anotherembodiment writing to and reading from a buffer.

FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic representation of file positions for a filehaving a total size “T” being read from tape.

FIG. 14A is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of aproducer virtual buffer.

FIG. 14B is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of aconsumer virtual buffer.

FIG. 14C is a diagrammatic representation of another embodiment of aproducer virtual buffer.

FIG. 14D is a diagrammatic representation of another embodiment of aconsumer virtual buffer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, areintended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process,article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is notnecessarily limited to only those elements but may include otherelements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, article, orapparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refersto an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a conditionA or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present)and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B istrue (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

Additionally, any examples or illustrations given herein are not to beregarded in any way as restrictions on, limits to, or expressdefinitions of, any term or terms with which they are utilized. Instead,these examples or illustrations are to be regarded as being describedwith respect to one particular embodiment and as illustrative only.Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any term orterms with which these examples or illustrations are utilized willencompass other embodiments which may or may not be given therewith orelsewhere in the specification and all such embodiments are intended tobe included within the scope of that term or terms. Language designatingsuch nonlimiting examples and illustrations include, but is not limitedto: “for example,” “for instance,” “e.g.,” “in one embodiment.”

It will be recalled from the above discussion that in many instances itmay be desired to provide a file system utilizing media libraries. Tothat end, attention is now directed to systems and methods forimplementing a file system utilizing a tape library. In particular,embodiments may present a network based file system to one or more hostdevices. These host devices may utilize the network based file system toorganize, store, read or perform other operations in association withfiles. These files may be managed in conjunction with a tape library.Specifically, commands in a network file system protocol may bereceived. These commands may be associated with operations to beperformed on files, including operations associated with theorganization, storage or retrieval of those files. Library controlfunctionality that allows tapes in the tape library to be tracked andtapes to be moved into and out of drives and storage slots is utilizedto manage the tape library.

In certain embodiments, LTFS (including Library LTFS) may be employed inconjunction with the tape library such that the tapes in the tapelibrary may be formatted using LTFS. Accordingly, operations withrespect to the files on the tapes in the tape library may be performedusing LTFS. A mapping may be maintained between the files visiblethrough the networked based file system presented to the host devicesand the corresponding location of those files on an LTFS tape in thetape library. It should be noted here that while embodiments asdiscussed include a tape library having tapes formatted according toLTFS, other types of media libraries that utilize media of the same ordifferent type where the media may be formatted according to the same oranother type of file system may be employed in other embodiments.

To increase performance, embodiments of such a system may include a datastore, which may be on a storage medium that is relatively faster forrandom accesses such as a disk. Files that are stored by the hostdevices using the networked based file system may initially be stored onthe disk. These files are subsequently migrated to tapes in the tapelibrary. Once a file has been migrated all, or a portion of, that filemay be deleted from the disk. When a file is subsequently accessed itcan be determined if the file is on the disk or stored on tape. The filecan then be accessed from the disk, a tape or a combination of the two.File operations performed through the network file system can occur onfiles in the data store, rather than directly on the file on tape.

In some cases, it may be desirable to move a tape from one system toanother and have the files on tape presented out in a similar manner bythe second system as was done by the first system. Accordingly,embodiments provided herein can utilize self-describing tapes that allowthe files read from the tape to be presented out similarly by multiplesystems. The tape can store metadata of both the file system used tostore files on the tape (e.g., LTFS) and the file system used to presentout the files read from the tape to provide for consistent filedescriptions between systems.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a system in which a medialibrary is managed to present a network based file system to a pluralityof hosts (i.e. host devices). Archive Node Appliance 115 can compriseone or more communications interfaces 150, 151 (e.g., fibre channelinterface, Ethernet port or any other type of communication interfaceknown in the art) to connect Archive Node Appliance 115 to network 120and network 122. In this embodiment, hosts 110, 111, 112 and 113 arecoupled to an Archive Node Appliance 115 via network 120. Network 120can comprise the Internet, a LAN, a WAN, a SAN, a wireless network, orany other communications link, network or protocol known in the art. Forexample, network may comprise an Ethernet based network employingTCP/IP.

Archive Node Appliance 115 is coupled to media library 130 via network122 (Archive Node Appliance 115 and media library 130 may becollectively referred to as an Archive Node or a Networked Attached TapeArchive (NATA)). Network 122 can comprise the Internet, a LAN, a WAN, aSAN, a wireless network, or any other communications link, network orprotocol known in the art. For example, network 122 may comprise a fibrechannel network (such as a fibre channel SAN) or a SCSI bus, such as aSerial Attached SCSI (SAS) bus. While Archive Node Appliance 115 hasbeen depicted as a standalone device in this embodiment, it should beunderstood that Archive Node Appliance 115 can be implemented in avariety manners and in a variety of architectures. For example, whenimplemented in a SAN, the Archive Node Appliance may be part of arouter, part of a media library or at any other location in acommunication path between hosts and a media library.

Media library 130 may comprise a tape library or another media libraryknown in the art such as optical jukeboxes. A tape library, as would beunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art, typically consists ofone or more tape drives that can read/write data from/to magnetic tape(contained within cartridges also referred to herein as tapes or tapecartridges), eject tape cartridges and perform other operations. Aseries of slots stores the tape cartridges when they are not in a driveand a robot moves the magnetic tape cartridges between the drives andslots.

As an example, media library 130 can comprise drives 131-133, robot 134and slots 135 (individually slots 135 a-j). It should be noted that amedia library that employs a single robot or multiple robots in anexpandable or modular configuration, but presents itself as a singlemedia library to a network, or any other configuration of one or moremedia libraries, either physical or virtual, that can present itself asa single media library can be considered a single media library for thepurposes of this application. It will also be noted that though theembodiment depicts only a single media library, other embodiments may becoupled to, and utilize, multiple media libraries.

Archive Node Appliance 115 comprises a computer processor 152 and acomputer readable memory 154 (e.g. RAM, ROM, magnetic disk, optical diskand/or any other computer readable memory known in the art) that canstore computer instructions 155 that are executable by processor 152.Computer instructions 155 can be implemented as hardware, software,firmware, some combination or in any other suitable manner as would beunderstood by those of ordinary skill in the art.

In operation, computer instructions 155 can be executable such thatArchive Node Appliance 115 can present a network based file system (i.e.a file system accessible over a network) to hosts 110, 111, 112, 113,allowing these hosts to organize, store or retrieve files or performother operations associated with a file system. Operations that can beperformed using such network based files systems are understood by thoseof skill in the art. This network based file system may be for example,a Network File System (NFS) based file system, a Common Internet FileSystem (CIFS) based file system, a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) basedfile system, a Secure Copy Protocol (SCP) based file system, aRepresentational State Transfer (REST) based file system, or a filesystem based on any other type of protocol which allows a file system tobe accessed over a network.

Computer instructions 155 may thus be executable to implement operationsassociated with the presented network based file system in conjunctionwith media library 130. More specifically, in one embodiment, drives131, 132, 133 may be LTO-5, LTO-6 compliant drives and tapes in medialibrary 130 may be formatted according to LTFS (as disclosed in theLinear Tape File System Format Specification Version 2.0, or otherversion by IBM, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Inother embodiments the drives may be compliant with other types of tapesand the tapes may be formatted according to other tape file systems.Computer instructions 155 may be executable to store files receivedthrough the networked based file system on the LTFS tapes in the medialibrary 130 and maintain mapping information between the files visiblethrough the network based file system and the location of those files inthe media library.

The files visible through the network based file system can be filesstored at an intermediate location (e.g., a disk based data store ormemory). When a file visible through the network based file system isaccessed, computer instructions 155 can be executed to provide access tothe file from the intermediate location. File operations can thus occuron the file at the intermediate location rather than directly on thefile on the tape.

In some cases, the file may not reside entirely in the intermediatestorage when the file is accessed. Therefore, the computer instructions155 can also be executable to determine the location of the accessedfile in the media library 130 using the mapping information, locate andload the correct tape into a drive, and use LTFS to mount the LTFS filesystem on the tape and access the file to, for example, read theremainder of the file into the intermediate storage.

To increase performance, in some embodiments, it may be desired to storefiles on computer readable memory 154 when they are initially received,and migrate these files to the media library 130 at a later point.Computer instructions 155 may therefore be executable to store filesstored by hosts using the network based file system to the computerreadable memory 154. At some later point, the computer executableinstructions 155 may be executable to migrate the file from the computerreadable memory 154 to the media library 130. In this case, computerexecutable instructions 155 are executable to maintain mappinginformation between the files visible through the network based filesystem and the location of those files on the computer readable memory154 or the media library 130.

The use of LTFS in conjunction with the media library 130 can afford anumber of advantages when employed by an Archive Node Appliance 115 toimplement a networked based file system. One important advantage is thatthe file system structure presented through the file system may besubstantially mirrored on the tapes of the media library 130.Accordingly, if there is a failure of the Archive Node Appliance 115 ormedia library 130, the files on the tapes of the media library 130 maybe easily located, as they are stored according to a structure that issubstantially identical to that defined by the users at the hosts usingthe network based file system.

Furthermore, the use of LTFS means that tapes on which files of thenetwork based file system are stored may be mounted and the file systemon these tapes accessed, using any computing device which supports LTFS.As LTFS is commonly provided in many of today's operating systems, thesetapes (and files stored thereon) may be easily accessed, allowing filesto be restored or otherwise manipulated without requiring specializedsoftware.

To put a finer point on some of the advantages offered by embodimentsdisclosed herein, the functionality and performance of a network basedfile system may be achieved while simultaneously achieving the benefitsof storage on a medium typically used for backup without the need forany type of specific backup application. The use of an Archive NodeAppliance may abstract the media library to implement a network basedfile system and hide the corresponding complexity entailed by the use ofsuch a media library. By using a computer readable memory which isrelatively faster for random accesses such as a disk in conjunction withthe media library to provide the network based file system the ArchiveNode Appliance may provide the speed customarily associated with anetwork based file system by masking the latency of the use of the medialibrary. Simultaneously, the use of such a media library provides thebenefit of having files automatically stored on a storage mediatypically used for backup without specific action by users or the use ofa backup application.

Furthermore, the use of LTFS in conjunction with the media libraryallows the file system created by users using the network based filesystem to be mirrored on the storage media. Thus, when restoring filesfrom the storage media of the media library in the event of a failure,no specialized structural knowledge is required. The files on thestorage media are in the locations where they were placed by the usersin conjunction with the network based file system. Moreover, since LTFSis commonly supported data on the storage media may be easily accessedwithout the need for specialized software such as a backup application.

It may be helpful here to illustrate architectures for certainembodiments of an Archive Node. FIG. 2 depicts one embodiment of anarchitecture for an Archive Node that may be used in instances whererelatively lower capacity is desired. Here, the Archive Node Appliance200 may comprise one or more Gigabit Ethernet ports 210. These GigabitEthernet ports 210 may be dedicated to providing a user interface or fora systems management interface such as the Intelligent ManagementPlatform Interface (IPMI). The Archive Node Appliance 200 may alsocomprise one or more Ethernet ports 220 for data connections. TheseEthernet ports may be 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-LR,10GBASE-LW, 10GBASE-LRM, 10GBASE-ZR, 10GBASE-LX4, 10BASE-CX4, etc. ormay be of a mixture of types. In operation these Ethernet ports 220 maybe coupled to hosts, such that a network based file system may beprovided by the Archive Node Appliance 200 and hosts may interface withthe Archive Node Appliance 200 using these Ethernet ports 220 to utilizethe network based file system, for example, by storing or retrievingfiles using the network based file system. The network based file systemmay be implemented using a file system implemented in association withuser space such as the File system in User space (FUSE)file system;using a kernel-based file system such as Ext2, Ext3, Ext4 Next3, etc.;or almost any other type of file system desired.

Archive Node Appliance 200 also includes a data store 230. Data store230 may be a computer readable memory used to store computer executableinstruction, files stored using the network based file system or otherdata utilized by Archive Node Appliance 200, as will be elaborated on inmore detail subsequently. To ensure some degree of redundancy or faulttolerance, data store 230 may implemented as Redundant Array ofIndependent Disks (RAID) storage having around 5 TB-8 TB of availablestorage. Archive Node Appliance 200 also comprises a SAS port 250through which the Archive Node Appliance 200 is coupled to media library260 via a SAS bus. Media library 260 may be an IBM TS3100 tape libraryhaving one or more LTO-5 compliant drives 262 and capable of holding 24tape cartridges or an IBM TS3200 tape library having one or more LTO-5compliant drives 262 capable of holding 48 tape cartridges. In otherembodiments, the media library may include LTO-6 compliant drives orother types of drives.

While it should be noted that Archive Node Appliance 200 may beimplemented in substantially in any form factor desired, in oneembodiment Archive Node Appliance may be based on a rack-mount storageformat and may, for example, be contained in a chassis of a 1 U, 2 U or3 U form factor with the data store residing internally to the chassis.

Moving on, FIG. 3 depicts one embodiment of an architecture for anArchive Node that may be used in instances where relatively greaterstorage capacity is required, such as in, for example, large datainstallations or a cloud storage provider. In this embodiment, theArchive Node Appliance 300 may comprise one or more Gigabit Ethernetports 310. These Gigabit Ethernet ports 310 may be dedicated toproviding a user interface or for a systems management interface. TheArchive Node Appliance 300 may also comprise one or more Ethernet ports320 for data connections. These Ethernet ports may be 10BASE-T,100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-LR, 10GBASE-LW, 10GBASE-LRM, 10GBASE-ZR,10GBASE-LX4, 10BASE-CX4, etc. or may be of a mixture of types. Inoperation these Ethernet ports 320 may be coupled to hosts, such that anetwork based file system may be provided by the Archive Node Appliance300 and hosts may interface with the Archive Node Appliance 300 usingthese Ethernet ports 320 to utilize the network based file system, forexample, by storing or retrieving files using the network based filesystem. As noted above, the network based file system may be implementedusing a file system implemented in association with user space such asthe File system in User space (FUSE)file system; using a kernel-basedfile system such as Ext2, Ext3, Ext4 Next3, etc.; or almost any othertype of file system desired. Archive Node Appliance 300 also includes adata store 334.

Data store 334 may be a computer readable memory used to store computerexecutable instructions, files stored using the network based filesystem or other data utilized by Archive Node Appliance 300. To ensureredundancy or fault tolerance, data store may comprise a mirrored systemdisk 332 comprising the computer executable instruction and other datautilized by the Archive Node Appliance 300 during operation andRedundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) storage 334 coupled to theArchive Node Appliance 300 through SAS port 336. The RAID storage may beused to store files associated with the network based file system andmay have around 9 TB-150 TB of available storage. Archive Node Appliance300 also comprises fibre channel ports 350 through which the ArchiveNode Appliance 300 is coupled to media library 360 via a fibre channelswitch 362. These fibre channel ports 350 may be, for example, 16, 8, 4or 2 GB fibre channel ports. Media library 360 may be an IBM TS3500 tapelibrary having one or more LTO-5 compliant drives 364 and capable ofholding around 20,000 tapes, a media library having one or more LTO-6compliant drives or a media library supporting other types of tapes thatcan be formatted according to a tape file system.

Again, while it should be noted that Archive Node Appliance 300 may beimplemented in substantially in any form factor desired, in oneembodiment Archive Node Appliance 300 may be based on a rack-mountstorage format and may for example, be contained in a chassis of a 1 U,2 U or 3 U form factor with the data store residing internally to thechassis or portions of the data store, such as the RAID storage residingexternal to the chassis.

Turning now to FIG. 4, one embodiment of a functional architecture foran Archive Node is depicted. Archive Node Appliance 400 may provide anoperator interface 402 through which the Archive Node Appliance 400 maybe configured. Such an operator interface 402 may be provided, forexample, using a network based interface such as a set of web pages orthe like. Archive Node Appliance 400 is coupled to tape library 410,comprising a set of LTO-5, LTO-6 or other tape compliant drives some ofwhich may be LTFS (or other tape file system) formatted tapes. In oneembodiment, each tape in tape library 410 may be used to store data thatis compressed, data that is encrypted, data that is both compressed andencrypted or data that is neither compressed nor encrypted.

Archive Node Appliance 400 comprises Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE)module 412 that may presents a file system to a local operating system.A network file system interface module 413 provides access to all or aportion of the FUSE file system as one or more shared volumes (e.g., asa hierarchical file system with directories, etc.) that can be accessedusing an interface that operates according to network file systemprotocol 414 such as NFS, CIFS, FTP, REST etc. Data associated with theshared volumes is stored on one or more partitions of data store 418 (acomputer readable memory), where the structure of the partitions of thedata store 418 may, or may not, correspond to the structure of theshared volumes or to the structure of the file system presented by FUSEmodule 412.

Directory operations module 420 is configured to process any directoryoperations that are received by FUSE module 412. I/O operations module422 is configured to process any input or output operations involvedwith the reading or the storing of files associated with the file systempresented by the FUSE module 412. These operations include, for example,the writing of files to the data store 418, the reading of files fromthe data store 418, the deletion of files from the data store 418, thereading of files from a tape in the tape library 410 or other operationsassociated with the data store 418 or tape library 410.

These I/O operations may involve the use of library control module 434,LTFS module 424, LTFS management module 432 and index 436. The locationof each tape within the tape library 410 may be maintained in index 436(e.g. in which slot or drive each tape is located, in which library thetape is located if multiple tape libraries are in use, etc.).Additionally, in one embodiment, what type of data is stored on eachtape (encrypted, compressed, neither encrypted nor compressed, etc.) mayalso be maintained.

Library control module 434 is configured to control the movement of thetapes in the tape library 410, including ejecting the tapes from thedrives of the tape library 410, and the movement of tapes to and fromslots of the tape library 410 and in and out of drives of the tapelibrary using the robot. LTFS management module 432 is configured tomount or unmount the LTFS file system on a particular tape in a drive ofthe tape library 410. LTFS module 424 is configured to perform LTFSoperations with respect to an LTFS mounted file system.

Library control module 434, LTFS module 424, LTFS management module 432and index 436 may also be utilized by file migration module 426. Filemigration module 426 is configured to move files from data store 418 totape library 410 based on policies 428. File mapping module 438maintains map 442 which correlates a file visible through the FUSE filesystem to its corresponding location in the tape library 410.Specifically, a mapping between the location (for example the path) andname of the file with respect to the FUSE file system, the name andlocation of that file in the data store 418 and the name and location ofthat file on one or more tapes in the tape library 410 may be maintainedin map 442.

Policies 428 may, or may not be, user configured and may be associatedwith storage of the files or the migration of files from the data store418 to tapes in the tape library 410. Such policies may specify, forexample, how long to wait before migrating a file (referred to herein asa migration timeout period), whether the files are to be replicated whenmigrated (e.g. stored in conjunction with multiple Archive Nodes as willbe elaborated on in more detail), how many copies of the file to keep,where the multiple copies are to be kept on different tapes, whether thefile is to be encrypted or compressed, etc. The policies 428 may bedefined with respect to the directories presented with respect to theFUSE module 412 such that those policies may be defined with respect toall files within that directory. Policy management module 430 allowsthese policies to be managed (e.g., created, updated, defined, deleted,modified, etc.) by a user or otherwise. Policies can be defined at anylevel of the directory structure provided by FUSE module 412. Because adirectory presented by FUSE module 412 may be presented as a sharedvolume by network file system interface module 413, a policy thatapplies to the directory may also apply to the share.

In operation then, Archive Node Appliance 400 may present a networkbased file system accessible through an interface, where the filesassociated with the network based file system may be stored on the tapelibrary 410 according to a file system structure that substantiallymirrors the file system structure of the presented network based filesystem. In one embodiment, mirroring the file system structure of thepresented network based file system means that at least a portion of thepath of the location of the file as it is stored on the tape library 410may be substantially similar to the path of the location of the file asit is presented through the file system.

More specifically, users at host devices coupled to the Archive NodeAppliance 400 may perform directory operations and store or read filesusing an interface for the network based file system provided by theArchive Node Appliance 400. In accordance with these user initiatedoperations, commands in the network file system protocol 414 employed bythe interface may be received at the Archive Node Appliance 400 andimplemented by FUSE module 412 with respect to the partitions of datastore 418. If the command is associated with a directory operation itmay be processed by directory operations module 420. If the command isfor the storing of a file, the I/O operations module 422 may write thisfile to a location in the data store 418. Map 442 may be updated tocomprise a mapping between the location and name of the file withrespect to the FUSE file system and the name and location of that filein the data store 418.

In one embodiment, the file is stored in the data store 418 according tothe one or more policies that apply to that file. For example, if apolicy that applies to the file specifies that the file should becompressed the file may be compressed before the file is stored in thedata store 418. Similarly, if an applicable policy specifies that thefile is to be encrypted the file may be encrypted before it is stored inthe data store 418. In certain embodiments, a self-encrypting disk, fulldisk encryption or a RAID controller which performs encryption may beutilized in conjunction with data store 418, such that all files storedin the data store 418 may be encrypted by the disk or controller whenthe file is stored to the data store 418. In such cases, all filesstored to the data store 418 may be encrypted when stored to data store418 and decrypted when read from data store 418.

Based on one or more of the policies 428, at some later point a file maybe migrated to the tape library 410. As policies 428 may be definedbased on a location associated with the presented file system, policiesassociated with the location (e.g. directory, share, etc.) where thefile is stored may be determined from policies 428 and the determinedpolicies applied to migrate the file.

As the file may be received over a network, errors may occur during thetransmission of the file or the storage of the file to the data store.To account for network errors or the like, in one embodiment, a timeperiod referred to as the migration timeout period is utilized. Morespecifically, when a file is first stored to the data store an amount oftime equal to the migration timeout period may be allowed to elapsebefore the file is migrated. As discussed above, such a migrationtimeout period may be implemented as a policy. Thus, for example, apolicy defining such a migration timeout period may be associated with ashare or directory as visible through the network based file systemimplemented by the Archive Node Appliance.

In any event, once a file is selected for migration, the one or morepolicies 428 associated with that file may be utilized to migrate thefile accordingly (e.g., encrypted, compressed, neither encrypted norcompressed, whether multiple copies of the file are to be maintained, ifthe file is to be replicated, etc.).

An appropriate tape on which to store the file may be determined andlocated using the index 436. If the appropriate tape is not currently ina drive of the tape library, library control module 434 may be utilizedto load the appropriate tape into a drive of the tape library 410. Morespecifically, in most cases when an LTFS tape is formatted it isspecified whether the data on that tape is to be compressed or not.Thus, the selection of an appropriate tape may include selecting a tapethat is formatted according to a policy specified for the file beingmigrated (e.g., a tape formatted to hold compressed data may be selectedif a policy specifies the file is to be compressed, etc.), selecting atape that has a location associated with a location where the file is tobe stored (e.g., a directory in the path of the location where the fileis to be stored, etc.), etc. The selection of an appropriate tape mayalso involve other considerations not expressly enumerated.

The file system on the appropriate tape may be mounted using LTFSmanagement module 432. File migration module 426 may use LTFS module 424to copy the file from data store 418 to the appropriate tape at alocation on the tape which corresponds to the location of the file aspresented through the file system to the host devices coupled to theArchive Node Appliance. After the file is copied to the tape, all, or aportion of, the file may be deleted off of the data store. Accordingly,the migration may entail the creation of one or more directories on themounted LTFS file system on the tape, where these directories may mirrorthe directories in the path where the file is stored that are visible toa user at a host device using the network based file system presented bythe Archive Node Appliance 400. Additionally, when the file is copied tothe mounted LTFS file system on the appropriate tape, actions may betaken to implement policies applicable to the file.

For example, if a policy that applies to the file specifies that thefile should be compressed, the media drive can be instructed to compressthe file. In one embodiment, the use of LTFS may simplify thiscompression. Specifically, if a file is to be compressed the selectionof an appropriate tape formatted to store compressed data may indicateto the LTFS module 424 that data to be stored on the tape is to becompressed. The LTFS module 424 may configure the drive holding thattape to compress data such that when the file is stored to the tapeusing LTFS module 424 it is compressed as it is stored.

Similarly, if an applicable policy specifies that the file is to beencrypted, the drive can be instructed to encrypt the file. Encryptionof the file being stored may be accomplished by the tape drive in whichthe appropriate tape is located. Specifically, before mounting the LTFSfile system on the appropriate tape one or more commands (for example,SCSI or other types of commands that may or may not include keyinformation to be utilized) may be sent to the drive to cause it to useencryption. The LTFS file system can then be mounted on the tape. LTFScan then be used to store the file on the tape while the tape drivehandles the encryption of the data transparently to LTFS.

Other embodiments may accomplish compression or encryption of the filesin different manners. For example, in one embodiment, to speed themigration of files, Archive Node Appliance may provide hardware supportfor such encryption or compression. Embodiments of methods and systemsfor such encryption or compression are discussed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/025,181, entitled “System and Method ForEnabling Encryption”, by Robert C. Sims, filed on Feb. 4, 2008 which ishereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

Additionally, if a policy 428 associated with the file specifies thatmultiple copies of a file are to be maintained a second tape on which tostore the file may be determined and the file migration module 426 mayuse LTFS module 424 to copy the file from data store 418 to the secondtape at a location on the second tape which corresponds to the locationof the file as presented through the FUSE file system. Notice here thattwo separate tapes may have the file stored using an LTFS file systempath that mirrors the path of that file as presented through the FUSEfile system. Furthermore, if a policy associated with the file specifiesthat the file is to be replicated the file may also be sent to anotherArchive Node Appliance, as will be discussed in more detail.

In addition to storing files on the tape, the archive node appliance maystore file system metadata of the FUSE file system (or other filesystem) on the tape in addition to the metadata stored according to theLTFS file system. The metadata stored may include information necessaryfor the FUSE file system of another archive node appliance to presentfiles from the tape in a similar manner as the FUSE file system of theoriginating archive node appliance, including associating the file withthe same users, policies, etc.

When a command to read a file is received, map 442 may be consulted todetermine the location of the file (e.g., whether it is located in datastore 418, on a tape in the tape library 410 or both). If the requestedfile is completely on the data store 418, I/O operations module 422 mayrespond to the read of the file using the file as stored in the datastore 418. If the file is on a tape (and not entirely in the data store418), the tape on which the file is located may be determined using themap 442. The index 436 and the library control module 434 can then beutilized to determine if the tape is in a drive, and if not, to load theappropriate tape into a drive of the tape library 410. The file systemon the tape may be mounted using LTFS management module 432. I/Ooperations module 422 can then use LTFS module 424 to access the file onthe tape and respond to the read of the file.

It will be noted here that certain actions may be taken in associationwith the read file before the file is used to respond to the read. Inparticular, in certain embodiments, actions associated with one or morepolicies applicable to the file may be performed. For example, if apolicy that applies to the file specifies that the file should becompressed, the file may be decompressed as the file is read from thetape and before the file is used to respond to the read of the file. Inone embodiment, the use of LTFS may simplify this decompression.Specifically, the tape on which the file is stored may be formatted tostore compressed data. The presence of this type of tape in the drivemay indicate to the LTFS module 424 that data stored on the tape iscompressed. The LTFS module 424 may thus configure the drive holdingthat tape such that when the file is read from the tape using LTFSmodule 424 it is decompressed.

Similarly, if an applicable policy specifies that the file is to beencrypted the file may be decrypted before the file is used to respondto the read of the file. As LTFS may not support encryption, in oneembodiment, decryption of the file being stored may be accomplished bythe tape drive in which the appropriate tape is located. Specifically,before mounting the LTFS file system on the tape on which the file isstored one or more commands (for example, SCSI or other types ofcommands that may or may not include key information to be utilized) maybe sent to the drive to cause it to decrypt the file. The LTFS filesystem can then be mounted on the tape. LTFS can then be used to readthe file while the tape drive handles the decryption of the datatransparently to LTFS. The file is then used to respond to the read ofthe file.

If the file is located on the tape and the FUSE file system does notcontain metadata for the file, the FUSE file system metadata stored onthe tape can be read and stored. Consequently, if files on the tape wereoriginally stored by a first archive node appliance and the tape read bya second archive node appliance, the file system of the second archivenode appliance will have the information necessary to describe thefiles, including information not typically maintained or used by theLTFS file system of the tape.

In many cases, however, if the file is located on tape, it may take arelatively long amount of time to access the file. This situation may beexacerbated if, for example the file system on the tape is not currentlymounted, the tape itself is not currently in a drive of the tapelibrary, the tape is currently positioned at a location far away fromthe location where the file is located, etc. These conditions can resultin an access time for a file on tape that is on the order of minutes.

Many network based file system protocols have timeout conditions. Forexample, in the CIFS protocol, an OPEN or a READ command must beresponded to within 30 seconds or a timeout condition will occur. Thetimeout condition may be dependent on the type of network file systemsused. In some cases, the timeout period is negotiated between a host andfile system. Thus, the Archive Node Appliance 400 can be configured tonegotiate the timeout time with hosts. The timeout time can be set in aconfiguration setting for Archive Node Appliance 400. As a result, thetime period for responding to such a command may be less than thatneeded to access the file on the tape. In order to present network basedfile systems based on these types of protocols such conditions may needto be addressed.

To that end, in some embodiments, read cache 450 may be maintained ondata store 418. Read cache 450 may comprise the first portion 452 ofeach file stored using the network based file system presented by theArchive Node Appliance 400. When a file is read, then, if any portion ofthe file is to be read from tape the first portion 452 of the read filethat is stored in the read cache 450 may be used to respond to the read,while substantially simultaneously accessing the file on the tape. Sincethe first portion 452 of the file is stored in the read cache 450 on thedata store 418 it can be accessed quickly enough that a timeout oncommands can be avoided while the file on the tape is accessed. Theremainder of the file can then be read from the tape and used to respondto the commands. The size of the first portion 452 of each file may beuser configurable, based on system parameters, or defined in some othermanner.

It will be noted that the read cache 450 may comprise first portions 452of none, all, or some subset of, the files that are stored inconjunction with the network based file system. For example, if datastore 418 is corrupted or otherwise unusable, when the data store 418 isreplaced read cache 450 may comprise first portions 452 of none of thefiles. The read cache 450 may then be repopulated as files are accessedby users through the network based file system. During this repopulationthen, read cache 450 may comprise first portions 452 of some subset ofthe files that are stored in conjunction with the network based filesystem.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, when a file is read if any portion ofthe file is to be read from tape it can be determined if the firstportion 452 of that file is in the read cache 450. If it is that firstportion 452 may be used to respond to the read as detailed above. If,however, the first portion 452 of the read file is not in read cache450, the file may be read from tape and used to respond to the read.Additionally, the file data read from tape may be used to repopulate theread cache 450 by storing the first portion 452 of the read in the readcache 450 at that time (embodiments of which will be discussed in moredetail below).

In one embodiment, as a CIFS command may have a 30 second timeout periodand an average or poor timing scenario for a tape access may be on theorder of 4 minutes, the first portion 452 of each file stored in theread cache 450 may comprise the first 512K of each file. In oneembodiment, the read cache size may be based on directories provided bythe FUSE module 412 so that all the files within the directory are aparticular size. If the directory is presented as a share, the policythus applies to files within the share. In another embodiment, the sizeretained on read cache 450 may be dependent upon the size of blocks thatmay be read in a single operation via the network file system, the settime for a timeout and the time required to load, mount and position atape with the requested file. It will be noted that the data in the readcache 450 may be stored in a manner corresponding to the format in whichthe file is stored on the tape. Thus, for example, if the file iscompressed when it is migrated to tape the read cache 450 may comprisethe first portion 452 of the file in compressed format, where this firstportion equals approximately 512 k of data when uncompressed.

Initially then, when a host device using a CIFS based file systemprovided by the Archive Node Appliance wishes to read a file it may sendan OPEN command to the Archive Node Appliance 400. I/O operations module422 may determine if the requested file is completely in the data store418 using map 442. If so, I/O operations module 422 may respond to theread of the file using the file in the data store 418.

If however, the file is on a tape, the tape on which the file is locatedmay be determined using the map 442. The I/O operations module 422 canthen initiate the load and access of the file on the tape using thelibrary control module 434 and the LTFS management module 432. I/Ooperations module 422 delays the response to the initial OPEN commandfor a time period less than the timeout associated with the receivedcommand. In some embodiments, this time period may be the longest timeperiod that does not result in a timeout occurring (e.g., 20 seconds, 29seconds in the case of CIFS commands, or another time period in the caseof commands in other protocols, etc.).

The host device may subsequently send a READ command for a certainamount (e.g., 64 K or a different amount) of the file to the ArchiveNode Appliance 400. I/O operations module 422 can delay the response tothis READ command as long as possible without a timeout resulting (e.g.,20 second, 29 seconds, in the case of CIFS commands, or another timeperiod below the 30 second timeout in the case of commands in otherprotocols). After the delay, the I/O operation module 422 will respondto the command with the data requested. The I/O operations module 422may continue to delay responses to subsequent READ commands and utilizedata from the read cache 450 to respond to the READ commands until datafrom the first portion 452 is exhausted or the LTFS file system on theappropriate tape is mounted and the file on the tape can be accessedusing LTFS module. The I/O operations module may continue to delayresponses and dynamically switch between delaying responses and notdelaying responses as needed.

In addition to delaying responses, Archive Node Appliance 400 can returnless data than requested by the host. For example, Archive NodeAppliance 400 may return 1K instead of the requested 64K. WhetherArchive Node Appliance 400 returns less data than the amount requestedmay depend on the network file system protocol, host operating system orother factors. Returning less data than requested provides the advantagethat the read cache can be smaller.

I/O operation module 422 may then use LTFS module 424 to access the fileon the tape and respond to subsequent READ commands for the file. Morespecifically, in one embodiment I/O operations module 422 may utilizeLTFS module 424 to access the file on the appropriate tape and read thefile from the tape into buffer 444. Subsequent READ commands for thefile may be responded to using the data in the buffer 444.

Furthermore, in some embodiments, in addition to reading the file intobuffer 444 the file may also be read into a file cache 460 on the datastore. File cache 460 may be an area on data store utilized fortemporary storage of files and may be managed according to almost anycache management technique desired. In certain cases if a host does notrequest data of the file at a particular rate (e.g., does not issue READcommands frequently enough, or the READ commands do not request acertain amount of data, etc.), after a certain number of READ commandsI/O operations module 422 may respond to subsequent READ commands forthe file using data of the file from the file cache.

In certain embodiments the opposite may also occur. More specifically,in some instances the reading of file data to the file cache 460 inaddition to reading the file into buffer 444 may slow the response torequests for data from the host. In this case, reading the file datainto both buffer 444 and file cache may mean that data cannot bedelivered at the rate the user is requesting the data or may otherwiseslow the response to user requests. Here, the reading of the data of thefile into the file cache 460 may be stopped before the entire file is inthe file cache such that requests for the file may be serviced morequickly. Thus, the portion of the file that is in file cache 460 maycomprise none, some, or all, of a file.

In one embodiment, the file may be stored in the file cache 460 byappending any portions of the file which are read from the tape to thefirst portion 452 of the file in the read cache 450 if such a firstportion of the read file exists in read cache 450. Thus, if the firstportion 452 exists in the read cache 450 when any portion of the filenot comprised by first portion 452 in the read cache is read from thetape it may be appended to the first portion 452 already stored in theread cache 450. In either case (the first portion 452 does, or does not,exist in the file cache) the entire file may be stored in the file cache460 when the file is read. Thus, at a later point, if portions of thefile are deleted from the file cache 460 the first portion 452 of thefile may be left on the data store 418 such that the first portion 452of the file is in read cache 450. Accordingly, the read cache 450 willbe repopulated with the first portion of that file if the first portion452 was not in the read cache 450 before the file was read.

It may be useful to discuss embodiments of the storage of mapping data,index data, policies, file meta-data, tape-library data, etc. that maybe utilized by an Archive Node Appliance. Embodiments of such storagemethods and formats may be used, for example, to store the map, indexand policies as discussed above. FIGS. 5A-5D depict one embodiment of aschema for a database that may be utilized in conjunction withembodiment of an Archive Node.

Turning first to FIG. 5A, one embodiment of a table schema for thestorage of data relating to files and directories is depicted. In thisschema, there is a node table 502, a storage location table 504, astorage media table 506, a disk table 508, a storage type table 510, alocation statuses table 512, a Disk to Tape File System (used to referto embodiments of an implementation of a file system using an ArchiveNode, also known by the acronym DTFS) settings table 516, DTFS userstable 518, DTFS groups table 520, tape drives table 522, tapes table 524and storage method types table 526.

Storage locations table 504 may comprise information on locations wheredata can be stored in conjunction with an Archive Node and thus entriesin the storage location table 504 may be linked to entries in thestorage media table 506. Entries in storage media may, in turn, belinked to entries in the disk table 508 that are associated with a datastore of the Archive Node and entries in tapes table 524 that areassociated with tapes in the tape library of the Archive Node. Entriesin storage locations table 504 may also be linked to entries in tapedrives table 522 that are associated with drives in the tape library ofthe Archive Node. Entries in the storage location table 504 may also beassociated with a state and a status as represented by entries in thelocation states table 514 or the location statuses table 512.

Nodes table 502 comprises entries which are associated with a file or adirectory as presented by the FUSE file system. In general the top leveldirectory used by a FUSE file system of an archive node appliance can bea universally unique identifier (UUID) associated with the archive nodeappliance. Examples of such an identifier include, but are not limitedto, a serial number, a software license number or other uniqueidentifier. The use of a UUID as the top level directory by archive nodeappliances ensures that path names to files stored by that archive nodeappliance will not conflict with the path names used at a second archivenode appliance if the tape is transferred to the second archive nodeappliance.

Entries in the node table 502 are linked with entries in the DTFS userstable 518 where these entries may represent users of the DTFS filesystem (which may be defined by an administrator, based on the networkbased file system implemented by the Archive Node, etc.). Each of theentries in node table 502 may also be linked with entries in the storagelocation table 504 such that a link between an entry in the node table502 associated with a file or directory may be linked with one or moreentries in the storage location table 504 associated with a disk or tapewhere that file or directory is stored.

In the case in which an archive node appliance is part of a WindowsActive Directory domain, active directory does not use Unix-like userIDS and group IDs to identify users. Active directory uses stringsreferred to as security identifiers (SID) for this purpose. Accordingly,the DTFS user table 518 and DTFS groups table 520 may include an entryfor a user group SID that links the SID to the DTFS user id and, ifapplicable, to the appropriate Unix user ID (UID) and group ID (GID).

Moving now to FIG. 5B one embodiment of a table schema for the storageof data relating to tapes and tape libraries of an Archive Node isdepicted. In this schema, there is a tapes table 524, tape locationstable 532, libraries table 530, tape statuses table 542, tape typestable 540, library statuses table 562, library states table 560, tapelocation types table 558, mailbox table 538, slot table 536, tapesessions table 554, tape micro sessions table 556, tape drive typestable 546, tape drives table 534, tape drive affinities table 552, tapedrive statues table 548 and tape drive states table 550.

Entries in tapes table 524 may be associated with an entry in tapelocations table 532 associated with a location of tape in a tape library(for example, a slot, drive, etc.). Each of the entries in tape locationtable 532 may be associated with an entry in slot table 536 associatedwith a slot in a tape library or an entry in tape drives table 544associated with a drive in the tape library. Furthermore, entries intape locations table 532 and tapes table 524 are linked with an entry inlibraries table 530 associated with a tape library of the Archive Node(of which there may be one or more, as discussed above). In this manner,an entry in tapes table 524 associated with a tape can be associatedwith an entry in library table 530, slot table 536 or tape drive table544 associated with the location of that tape.

Entries in tape drive table 544 may be also linked to an entry in tapedrive types table 546 associated with a type of the drive, or an entryin tape drive statuses table 548 or tape drive states table 550associated with a status or state of a tape drive. Entries in tapestable 524 may also be linked to entries in tape status table 542 andtape types table 540 associated with a type or a status of a tape.

Turning to FIG. 5C one embodiment of a table schema for the storage ofdata relating to policies applicable to directories in an Archive Nodeis depicted. In this schema, there is nodes table 502, directorypolicies table 564, policies table 566, policy types table 568, policyvalues table 570 and policy arguments table 572. Entries in directorypolicies table 564 may be associated with polices to be applied todirectories (and thus to files stored in those directories). Entries indirectory policies table 564 may be linked to entries in node table 502associated with a directory. In this manner, entries in directorypolicies table 564 associated with policies to be applied to directoriesmay be linked to entries in nodes table 502 associated with a directoryagainst which that policy is to be applied. It will be noted that asimilar schema could be utilized to associate file policies with files,share policies with shares, etc.

Entries in directory policies table 564 may also be linked to an entryin policies table 566 that may be associated with a particular policy.Entries in policies table 566 may, in turn, be linked with an entry inpolicy types table 568 that is associated with a type of policy (forexample, encryption or compression policy, number of copies to keep,replication, etc.). Thus, an entry in policies table 566 associated witha particular policy may be linked with an entry in policy type table 568associated with the type of that policy.

FIG. 5D depicts one embodiment of a table schema for collecting data onnodes in an Archive Node. In this schema, there is nodes table 502,ingest rates table 574 and reporting durations table 576. Thus, entriesin the node table 502 can be linked to entries in ingest rates table 574associated with statistics on the creation, reception, storage,migration, etc. of a file or directory.

FIG. 5 is provided by way of example and not limitation and the archivenode appliance may store other metadata for files, directories, users,etc. According to one embodiment, for example, the FUSE file system maysupport extended attributes that are not used directly by the FUSE filesystem, but can be stored by clients and exposed through the FUSE filesystem. Extended attributes for a file or directory may be stored in thenode table 502 for the file or directory other table. For example, amedia management system may organize files based on the type of projectwith which the media is associated and therefore include an extendedattributes such as project:soundtrack for files.

From a review of the above, it will be apparent that embodiments of suchArchive Nodes may provide a highly effective manner of implementing anetwork based file system using a tape library. In some instances,however, it may be desired to provide a high level of availability orincreased performance in conjunction with network based file systems. Assuch, in certain embodiments Archive Node Appliances may be clustered toprovide increased performance or a higher degree of fault tolerance.

FIG. 6 depicts one embodiment of an architecture for the clustering oftwo Archive Node Appliances in an Archive Node. Each of Archive NodeAppliances 600 may comprise similar elements as discussed above withrespect to the embodiments of an Archive Node Appliance depicted in FIG.2, 3 or 4 and thus those elements will not be elaborated on further withrespect to this embodiment. In addition, Archive Node Appliance 600 maycomprise Gigabit Ethernet ports 610 through which the Archive NodeAppliances 600 may be coupled. Thus, Archive Node Appliances 600 maypass data between themselves during operation using Gigabit Ethernetports 610. For example, heartbeat messages may be sent to anotherArchive Node 600 using the coupling between them to inform the otherArchive Node 600 that the sending Archive Node 600 is still functioning.

Each Archive Node Appliance 600 may also comprise storage ports 620through which the Archive Node Appliance may be coupled to each ofstorage switches 622. Each storage switch 622 is coupled to sharedstorage 624, such as a disk or the like, which may be accessed usingdual controllers. Archive Node Appliance 600 also comprises fibrechannel ports 650 through which the Archive Node Appliance 600 iscoupled to a tape library 660 via a fibre channel switch 662. Morespecifically, half of an Archive Node Appliance's fibre channel ports650 may be coupled to one fibre channel switch 662 while the other halfof the Archive Node Appliance's fibre channel ports 650 may be coupledto another fibre channel switch 662.

Shared storage 624 may be used to store data used for operation of theArchive Node, including for example, the files as stored over thenetwork based file system presented by the Archive Node 600, a map, anindex, policies, a read cache or a file cache as discussed above. Thus,each Archive Node Appliance 600 can access any file on the sharedstorage 624 or tape in the library 660, and further has access to dataneed to implement the network based file system utilizing the tapelibrary 660. As such, a performance increase is achieved (as, forexample, there may be twice as many ports over which to receive commandsfrom hosts, etc.) while simultaneously providing some degree of faulttolerance by providing recovery, or less downtime, from loss of aconnection of an Archive Node Appliance 600, failure of an Archive NodeAppliance 600, failure of the link between an Archive Node Appliance 600and the data store, failure of a fibre channel switch, etc. It should benoted that while this embodiment of a clustered Archive Node is depictedwith two Archive Node Appliances 600 and a single tape library 660, moreArchive Node Appliances or media libraries may be utilized in otherembodiments of a clustered Archive Node.

Referring now to FIG. 7, a method for storing a file using an embodimentof an Archive Node, including an Archive Node Appliance is depicted. Atstep 710 a request (which may comprise multiple commands in a filesystem protocol) to store a file may be received at the Archive NodeAppliance, where the file may be associated with a name and a path asvisible through the network based file system implemented by the ArchiveNode Appliance. For example, the path of the file may bepath/patient_records and the file name may be Patient1.doc. The file isthen stored on a location on the data store of the Archive NodeAppliance at step 720, where the file may have a different name and belocated at a path associated with the data store. For example, the pathof the file as stored on the data store may be /data3 and the file namemay be 550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000.

In one embodiment, as discussed above, the file is stored in the datastore according to one or more policies that apply to that file. Forexample, if a policy that applies to the file (for example, the policyis associated with the location associated with the network based filesystem where the file is stored) specifies that the file should becompressed the file may be compressed before the file is stored in thedata store. Similarly, if an applicable policy specifies that the fileis to be encrypted the file may be encrypted before it is stored in thedata store.

The map can then be updated at step 730 to associate the name and thepath of the file as visible through the network based file system withthe path and name of the file as stored on the data store. Thus, in thisexample the path/patient_records and file name Patient1.doc, as visiblethrough the network based file system is associated with the path/data3and file name 550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000 associated with thefile as stored in the data store.

Subsequently, one or more policies to be applied to the file can bedetermined at step 740. The policies may be applied in conjunction withthe migration of the file at step 750. As discussed above, in oneembodiment one policy may specify that a migration timeout period is tobe applied to the file before the file is migrated. This migrationtimeout period may specify a time period such that an amount of timeequal to the migration timeout period may be allowed to elapse beforethe file is migrated. Thus, if such a policy exists the migrationtimeout period may be allowed to elapse before the file is migrated.

In instances where the file was received from another Archive Node(e.g., in an embodiment where the Archive Node is being used in aclustered architecture) as part of a replication of that file, however,even if a policy specifying a migration timeout period applies to thefile the file may be migrated substantially immediately (as themigration timeout period may, for example, have been allowed to elapsein conjunction with the migration of the file at another Archive NodeAppliance in the cluster, such as the Archive Node Appliance from whichthe file was received).

To migrate the file, one or more tapes on which to store the file may bedetermined. This determination may be based on the policies that havebeen determined to apply to that file. For example, the number of tapesdetermined may be based on a policy specifying that the file is to bemaintained on multiple tapes. If so, two different tapes on which tostore the file may be determined. If a policy to apply to the filespecifies that the file is to be encrypted a tape comprising encrypteddata may be selected. Similarly, if a policy to apply to the filespecifies that the file is to be compressed a tape comprising compresseddata may be selected. Assume for purposes of example that the tape onwhich it is determined to store the file has a TapeID of AN02394.

Each of the tapes on which it is determined to store the file can thenbe loaded into a drive, if it is not already in a drive, and the LTFSfile system mounted. Specifically, the tape may be located using theindex that maintains the location of each of the tapes in the libraryand loaded into a drive. The file can then be copied from its locationon the data store to a location on the tape. In one embodiment, a paththat corresponds to the path of the file as visible through the networkbased file system may be created on the tape using the LTFS file systemif it does not already exist. The file can then be saved using the namethat corresponds to the name of the file as visible through the networkbased file system. Continuing with the above example, thepath/patient_records may be created on the tape having TapeID AN02394 ifit does not exist and the file may be saved as Patient1.doc on thistape.

In one embodiment, before or during the copying of the file to themounted LTFS file system on the tape, actions may be taken to implementpolicies applicable to the file. For example, if a policy specifies thatthe file is to be replicated it may be sent to another Archive NodeAppliance or if a policy that applies to the file specifies that thefile should be compressed, the Archive Node Appliance can cause the fileto be stored on a compressed tape. Similarly, if an applicable policyspecifies that the file is to be encrypted the Archive Node Appliancecan cause the file to be stored on an encrypted tape.

The map can then be updated at step 760 to associate the tape on whichthe file is stored, the name and the path of the file as visible throughthe network based file system, the path and name of the file as storedin the data store and the path and name of the file as stored on thetape. Thus, in this example the path /patient_records and file namePatient1.doc, as visible through the network based file system isassociated with TapeID AN02394, the path/data3 and the file name550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000 associated with the file as storedin the data store.

At step 770 the file, or portions thereof, may be deleted from the datastore. In some embodiments, as it is desired to maintain the firstportion of a file in a read cache in the data store, all portions of thefile except this first portion may be deleted from the data store. Itwill be noted therefore, that in certain embodiments, the path and nameof the file in the map that is associated with the file as stored in thedata store may describe the location of the first portion of the filestored in the read cache.

FIG. 8 depicts one embodiment of a method for reading a file using anembodiment of an Archive Node, including an Archive Node Appliance isdepicted. At step 810 a request to read a file is received. This requestmay comprise multiple commands in a file system protocol as discussedabove. The location of the file can be determined at step 820, where thefile may be located in the data store of the Archive Node Appliance, ona tape in the tape library or both. If the requested file is completelyon the data store at step 830 the read may be responded to using thefile as stored in the data store. The file may be completely on the datastore for a variety of reasons, for example, the file has been stored onthe data store, but a migration timeout period associated with the filehas not yet expired and thus the file has not yet been migrated; thefile has been migrated but has not been deleted; the file was previouslymigrated and at least portions of the file deleted, but was previouslyread and placed in the file cache on the data store; etc.

If the file is not completely in the data store, the tape on which thefile is located may be determined at step 840. The movement of the tapeinto a drive, if needed, and the mounting of the file system on the tapemay be initiated at step 850. It can then be determined if the firstportion of the file is in the read cache at step 860. If the firstportion is in the read cache it may be used to respond to the readrequest at step 870. When the file system on the tape is mounted thefile on the tape may be read and used to respond to the request at step880. In one embodiment, when responding to the read request using thefile on the tape, the file may be read into a buffer and data from thebuffer used to respond to the request. In addition to reading the fileinto the buffer the file may also be read into file cache on the datastore. If data from the file is requested at less than a threshold rate,at some point data from the file cache may be used to respond to therequest for the file. Furthermore, as discussed above, the file in thefile cache may be used to respond to subsequent read requests for thefile.

FIG. 9 depicts an example for delivering data in response to readrequests made through the network file system interface. The process maybegin when a host contacts the Archive Node Appliance to request aparticular file located on a tape. At step 910, a set time for a timeoutmay be negotiated between a host and the Archive Node Appliance. In oneembodiment, this may be the set at 30 seconds for CIFS file system andmay be configurable at the Archive Node Appliance. At step 912, a readrequest may be received by the Archive Node Appliance from a host for afile located on a particular tape. In response to the read request, atstep 914, the Archive Appliance Node may determine the location of therequested file. A determination may be made at step 916 if the filerequested is completely in the data store 230. If the file is within thedata store 230, then Archive Node Appliance may respond to the readrequest by using the file in the data store in step 918.

A determination may be made if a portion of the file is in the readcache (step 920). If a portion of the file is not within the read cache,then the Archive Node Appliance can load the file from a media. However,the time required to load the file may be long and result in a timeout.

If a portion of the file is in the read cache, then at step 922 data is“trickled” from the read cache. The rate of trickle may be selected toprevent timeout. In one embodiment, the rate of trickle may be set to beas long as possible without timing out. As one example, data may be“trickled” out from read cache 450 in 64K (or other size). If thetimeout time is 30 seconds, the Archive Node Appliance can, for example,send out a response after a preselected delay of 29 seconds (or othertime selected to prevent a timeout).

In general, the delay time can be selected to be less than the timeouttime and in some cases can be the longest time possible that will stillavoid a timeout. According to one embodiment, the delay time can be atleast 50% of the time out time, though lesser delays may be used. Solong as the Archive Node Appliance is in a trickle state with respect toa file, it will respond to requests for file data at a delayed rate.

As the Archive Node Appliance is trickling data to the host, the ArchiveNode Appliance can take steps to access the requested file from themedia library (steps 924-934). While data is trickled from the readcache, a determination at step 926 may be made whether the tape isloaded. If not, the tape can be loaded in a drive (step 928). Once thetape is loaded, the file system can be mounted if necessary (steps 930and 932.) With the file system mounted, the Archive Node Appliance readsthe file data for the requested file from the tape into buffer 444and/or file cache 460 (step 934). The Archive Node Appliance can respondto subsequent read requests for the file by sending data to the hostfrom file cache 460 or from buffer 444.

According to one embodiment, the Archive Node Appliance can continue torespond to requests for file data until the file transfer to the hosthas been completed. Whether providing the file from read cache 450,buffer 444 or file cache 460, the Archive Node Appliance can throttlethe speed of transfer as necessary by either trickling data or providingdata to the host at a higher rate.

When the Archive Node Appliance receives a request for a chunk of filedata, say the next 64K, the Archive Node Appliance can determine ifthere is a threshold amount of file data in buffer 444, read cache 450and/or file cache 460 that has not yet been transferred to the requestor(step 936). If there is an insufficient amount of file data for the filerequested, the Archive Node Appliance continues to trickle data to thehost in response to requests for file data (step 940). If there is asufficient amount of file data, the Archive Node Appliance responds torequests for file data without trickling (step 942). The Archive NodeAppliance can continue transferring data, dynamically switching betweentrickling and not trickling the data based on the amount of remainingtransferred data, until the file is fully transferred to the host.

According to one embodiment, the Archive Node Appliance can determine atstep 936 whether the amount of untransferred file data (file data notyet transferred to the requestor) in the data store or buffer is belowsome threshold amount. The threshold amount can equal the capacity ofthe read cache for a particular file. Thus, for example, if the readcache holds 256K of data for each file, the threshold can be 256K. Inthis case, the Archive Node Appliance will respond with a delay torequests for the file data when the amount of untransferred file data inthe data store (or buffer) drops below 256K. In other embodiments, thethreshold may be set to lower or higher amounts and may be differentdepending on whether the remaining untransferred data is in buffer 444or file cache 460.

In the case where the amount of untransferred data is below thethreshold, but the remaining untransferred data is the last of the filedata that needs to be transferred (e.g., the Archive Node Appliance isapproaching the end of file), the Archive Node Appliance may continue totransfer the file data without trickling. In this case, the Archive NodeAppliance does not have to slow down transfer of data for the last partof the file. Thus, whether the Archive Node Appliance trickles data mayin some embodiments depend on the amount of untransferred data relativeto the file size.

In the absence of other problems, such as network connectivity issues,the size of read cache 450 and the amount of delay for trickling datacan determine the amount of time available to locate and read a filefrom a tape so that the file data can be returned to the host withouttimeout. For example, if a file is read in 64K blocks, the read cache is640K for a file and the delay time is 29 seconds, the Archive NodeAppliance has approximately five minutes until it must start respondingwith data from the media to avoid timeout (i.e., it has 4.8 minutesuntil the read cache is exhausted for the file). If the Archive NodeAppliance is experiencing too many timeouts, the size of read cache 450or trickle delay can be adjusted.

In some cases, the Archive Node Appliance may, when trickling data,respond with less data than requested. For example, the Archive NodeAppliance may respond with 1K of data rather than the requested 64K.This provides the advantage of allowing for a smaller read cache. Usinga delay time of 29 seconds and response size of 1 K, rather than 64K asin the previous example, an Archive Node Appliance need only have a 10Kread cache, rather than a 640K read cache, to achieve the same 4.8minute delay.

In the examples discussed above, the Archive Node Appliance eithertrickles data or responds with data as quickly as possible. In otherembodiments, the Archive Node Appliance may include various degrees oftrickling. For example, a first threshold can be set at 640K and asecond threshold can be set at 320K. If the amount of untransferred filedata for the file in the data store (or buffer) is greater than 640K,the Archive Node Appliance can respond to requests for the data asquickly as possible. If the amount of data is less than or equal to640K, but above 320K, the Archive Node Appliance can trickle data with afirst delay, say 20 seconds. When the amount of data is 320K or less,the Archive Node Appliance can respond with the longest delay possibleto avoid a timeout. Thus, various delays may be incorporated dependingon conditions. The Archive Node Appliance can dynamically switch betweenresponding to requests with or without a delay and the amount of delayas needed.

In one embodiment, the Archive Node Appliance may dynamically adjust thesize of the read cache, the threshold(s) for trickling, the delay timeor other factors based on an analysis of the average time that it takesfor a file to be loaded in response to a request. In other embodiments,the Archive Node Appliance can dynamically adjust the size of the readcache, the threshold(s) for trickling, the delay time based on otherstatistical analysis of system performance.

As discussed above in conjunction with FIGS. 8 and 9, once the filesystem volume containing the file requested is mounted, data from thefile can be read into a buffer and client requests can be responded tousing data from the buffer. In some cases there may be multiple clientsreading a file at the same time. In order to keep data flowing throughthe buffer, slower clients can be dropped from the buffer. Therefore, ifa client cannot read the file fast enough then the requests from theclient for the file are serviced from the data store, rather than thebuffer, as the file is restored. If the file fails to be restored todisk, then the client can receive an error.

The operations of providing a file to multiple clients and restoring afile to the data store can occur in the context of a “tape streamingsession,” which allows the client, data store and tape library tooperate together as the file is being read from tape. Tape streamingsessions can be implemented, for example, by I/O operations module 422of FIG. 4. Multiple tape streaming sessions can operate in parallel whenmultiple files are being read from tapes of the tape library.

FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of a tapestreaming session 1000. A tape streaming session can include one or moreconsumers 1002 and a tape data producer 1004. Tape data producer 1004reads file data from the tape 1005 and stores the file data in buffer1006. Consumers 1002 read file data from buffer 1006.

Each tape streaming session can include a restoration consumer dedicatedto restoring the file to data store 418. For example, Consumer C1 canread data from buffer 1006 and place portions of the file not already inthe data store in the read or file cache. Additional client consumersare added to the session for each “open” of the file by afile-system-interface-based client or other process or system requestingthe file data. For example, if hosts 110 and 112 as network file systeminterface clients both “open” the file, consumers C1 and C2 can becreated accordingly. According to one embodiment, the session remains ineffect until all consumers 1002 of the session have been removed fromthe session.

Each tape streaming session can employ a tape streaming buffer 1006 inmemory in which part or all of a file is stored as it is being read fromthe tape. When a session is initiated, a buffer size can be allocated tothe session. The buffer size may be the size of the file being read, aconfigurable maximum size or other size. When file data is read from thetape, tape data producer 1004 stores the data in the tape streamingbuffer 1006. If the total size of a file is greater than the size ofbuffer 1006, then buffer 1006 can act in a circular fashion such thatonce tape data producer 1004 reaches the end of buffer 1006, tape dataproducer 1004 will write additional data to the beginning of buffer1006, over writing data from the previous wrap. This cycle can repeatuntil the entire file has been written to buffer 1006 by tape dataproducer 1004.

In operation, when a client attempts to open a file that is notcompletely in the data store, a session can be instantiated with aconsumer 1002 for the client, a consumer 1002 for restoring the file tothe data store and a data producer 1004 for storing tape data in thebuffer. Initially, responses to requests by the client to read a blockof data of the file can be delayed before the data is returned to theclient (e.g., data can be trickled to the client as discussed above).Data is read from the read cache until the proper tape is loaded, thefile system mounted and tape data producer 1004 begins filling buffer1006 with data. If the tape volume containing the file cannot be mountedbefore the data client reads all the data in the read cache, an errorcan be returned to allow tape data producer 1004 time to begin fillingbuffer 1006 within a configurable timeout period.

As soon as data begins filling buffer 1006 or some threshold amount ofdata is in buffer 1006, a client's read requests can be fulfilled by thecorresponding consumer 1002. New consumers 1002 may be added to tapesession 1000 as additional clients request to “open” the file. However,according to one embodiment, consumers 1002 will only be added withindefined portions of the tape streaming session. For example, accordingto one rule, a consumer 1002 will not be added if the client “opens” thefile after a portion of the file data has already been flushed from thebuffer (e.g., the tape data producer 1004 has “wrapped around”). Inother embodiments, consumers can be added to the tape session for anyclient that requested to “open” the file and is issuing read requestsfor data that is still in buffer 1006.

To maintain data flowing through buffer 1006, and thus beingcontinuously read from tape 1005, lagging consumers 1002 can be expelledfrom tape streaming session 1000. In general, a lagging consumer is oneidentified as reading data too slowly from buffer 1006 according to oneor more rules. In one example, a lagging consumer is one that is readingdata from positions in buffer 1006 that risk being overwritten byproducer 1004.

One scenario in which a lagging consumer can be expelled from a sessioncan be better understood with respect to FIG. 11, which provides adiagrammatic representation of various states of writing to and readingfrom buffer 1006 at time periods 1100, 1102 and 1104. In the embodimentof FIG. 11, tape data producer 1004 is writing data into buffer 1006 andconsumers 1002 C1 and C2 are reading data from buffer 1006. Position1110 indicates the position to which tape data producer 1004 has mostrecently written data, position 1112C1 indicates the last position fromwhich consumer C1 has read data and position 1112C2 indicates the lastposition from which consumer C2 has read data.

At first time 1100, tape data producer 1004 is filling buffer 1006 for afirst wrap (N=1), but has not reached the end, and consumers C1 and C2are reading from buffer 1006. Tape data producer 1004 can continue tofill the buffer as quickly as possible. At second time 1102, tape dataproducer 1004 has filled buffer 1006 and wrapped around to beginover-writing data at the beginning of buffer 1006 with new datacorresponding to the second wrap N=2 (e.g., because the file being readis larger than buffer 1006). At this point, consumer C1 and C2 are stillreading data from the previous wrap (N−1), but more slowly than producer1004 is writing data for the next wrap. At third time 1104, tape dataproducer 1004 has caught up to consumer C2.

If tape data producer 1004 overwrites data with data from wrap N-1 withdata corresponding to wrap N, consumer C2 will begin reading datacorresponding to the wrong file position. Therefore, data producer 1004must either delay writing additional data or consumer C2 must stopreading data. To keep data streaming from the tape, it is preferablethat consumer C2 stop reading data from buffer 1006. Consequentlyconsumer C2 may be expelled from the session. However, if data producer1004 catches up to consumer C1 (the file restoration consumer), consumerC1 is not expelled because it may be preferable to maintain the tapestreaming session until the file is restored in the data store. In thiscase, data producer 1004 may delay for a period of time to allowconsumer C1 time to read more data.

The above-example assumes that consumers read data in a completelylinear fashion from buffer 1006. However, file read operations sometimesrequire a small amount of forward seeking and back-seeking. Accordingly,one embodiment can employ a configurable “read-back” size so that aconsumer is expelled from the buffer before producer 1004 overwritesdata to which consumer 1002 is likely to read-back. One embodiment ofusing a read-back size can be better understood with reference to FIG.12.

In the embodiment of FIG. 12, tape data producer 1004 is writing datainto buffer 1006 and consumers C1 and C2 are reading data from buffer1006. Position 1210 indicates the position to which tape data producer1004 has written data, position 1212C1 indicates the last position fromwhich consumer C1 has read data and position 1212C2 indicates the lastposition from which consumer C2 has read data.

At first time 1200, tape data producer 1004 is filling buffer 1006, buthas not reached the end, and consumers C1 and C2 are reading from buffer1006. Tape data producer 1004 can continue to fill the buffer as quicklyas possible. At second time 1202, tape data consumer 1004 has filledbuffer 1006 and wrapped around to begin over-writing data at thebeginning of buffer 1006 with new data (e.g., because the file beingread is larger than buffer 1006). At this point, consumer C1 and C2 arestill reading data from the previous wrap.

Because read requests for consumer C2 may not be strictly linear, it ispossible that the next read request may request data that is behindposition 1212C2, say from position 1216. If tape data producer 1004writes data too close to position 1212C2, then there is a highprobability that consumer C2 will request data corresponding to wrap N−1from a position that has been over-written by tape data producer 1004with data from wrap N. To account for this non-linearity in consumer C2reading data, a read-back size can be applied. If the writing positionreached by tape data producer 1004 reaches the reading position of aconsumer minus a configurable read back offset, the consumer can beexpelled from the tape session.

For example, at third time 1204, tape data producer 1004 has reached theposition of consumer C2 minus the read-back offset size (indicated at1218). In this case, tape data producer 1004 must either stop writing tobuffer 1006 temporarily or begin overwriting data to which consumer C2may read-back. In order to keep data streaming into buffer 1006,consumer C2 can be expelled from the session.

In general, the scope of read-back is relatively small so that a smallread-back size can be configured. In some cases, the same read-back sizemay be used for all consumers. In other cases, different consumers maybe assigned different read-back sizes. The read-back size, in someembodiments, may be statistically determined “on the fly” for groups ofconsumers or individual consumers based on the reading patterns of theconsumer(s).

In order to track the positions of consumers 1002 and producer 1004 inbuffer 1006 and the location of file data in the buffer, a number ofindices can be maintained. According to one embodiment, an “absolute”producer index is maintained for tape data producer 1004 and each an“absolute” consumer index for each consumer 1002 representing afile-pointer-style offset pointing to the last point in the file readfrom or written to by consumers 1002 and producer 1004, respectively.Furthermore, virtual indices are maintained for producer 1004 andconsumers 1002 indicating the positions in the circular buffercorresponding to the absolute indices.

To provide some additional context, FIG. 13 is a diagrammaticrepresentation of file positions for a file having a total size “T”being read from tape, a producer absolute index 1302 (“Pa”) and consumerabsolute indices 1304Ci (“Ci”) and 1304Cmax (“Cmax”), with Cmaxindicating the read position of the consumer 1002 that has read to thefurthest absolute file position in the session. When producer 1004writes data into buffer 1006, producer absolute index 1302 isincremented by the number of bytes that were written into buffer 1006.When a consumer 1002 reads data from buffer 1006, its absolute index isincreased by the number of bytes read from the buffer.

At any given time, producer 1004 has a certain amount of space in buffer1006 that it may write to. This amount is based on the size of buffer1006 and how much data each consumer 1002 has read from buffer 1006.This is referred to as “space available”. Likewise, each consumer 1002has a certain amount of data that is available to be read from buffer1006 based on how much data that consumer 1002 has read and how muchdata producer 1004 has written into buffer 1006. This is referred to as“data available”. The data available size and space available size maybe calculated as follows, where “S” is the size of buffer 1006.

DataAvailable(C _(i))=P _(a) −C _(i)  [EQN. 1]

SpaceAvailable(P _(a))=S−(P _(a) −C _(max))  [EQN. 2]

The space available determination assumes that the consumer associatedwith C_(max) will not be expelled from the session. Again C_(max) willtypically correspond consumers that read data from the buffer to restorefiles in the data store.

In order to map the linear file positions to positions in the circularbuffer, virtual indices can be used. According to one embodiment, thevirtual indices can be calculated as follows, where “P_(v)” is thevirtual producer index, “C_(maxv)” is the virtual consumer index for theconsumer 1002 that has read to the furthest absolute file position inthe session and “C_(iv)” is the virtual consumer index for consumerC_(i):

P _(v) =P _(a) modulo S  [EQN. 3]

C _(iv) =C _(i) modulo S  [EQN. 4]

Thus, when a client request to read data corresponding to absolute fileposition C_(i), the data can be found in the circular buffer at C_(iv).

The virtual indices can be used to calculate “virtual” buffers that areaccessible to producer 1004 and each consumer 1002. The virtual bufferscan be defined by the following intervals, where “P_(buf)” is theproducer virtual buffer and “C_(bufi)” is the virtual buffer of consumeri:

For P _(v) >C _(maxv) :P _(buf) =[P _(v) ,S)+[0,C _(maxv))

For P _(v) <=C _(maxv) :P _(buf) =[P _(v) ,C _(maxv))

For P _(v) <=C _(iv) :C _(bufi) =[C _(iv) ,S)+[0,P _(v))

For P _(v) >C _(iv) :C _(bufi) =[C _(iv) ,P _(v))

Examples of producer virtual buffers 1402 and consumer virtual buffers1404 for a consumer C_(i) are illustrated in FIGS. 14A-D.

As discussed above, to keep the data flowing through the buffer (andthus being continuously read from tape) as quickly as possible, laggingconsumers 1002 are expelled from the buffer 1006. According to oneembodiment, a consumer 1002 is expelled when DataAvailable(C_(i))>=S, orDataAvailable(C_(i))>=S-offset. The buffer indices of expelled consumers1002 are deleted from the tape streaming session, and the space used bythe consumer's unread data is reclaimed and may be written to by tapedata producer 1004.

Since not all file read operations are in a linear sequence, seekingforward and backward in tape streaming buffer 1006 may be required. Ifthe file is smaller than buffer 1006, then all positions in the file areaccessible (“seek-able”) by the consumers for the life of the tapestreaming session. If the file is larger than buffer 1006, only theportion of the file that is currently contained in the buffer isaccessible. If a request to seek forward is beyond the amount of filedata that has been written into buffer 1006 by the tape data producer1004, then the consumer 1002 must wait until enough data has beenwritten into buffer 1006 to fulfill the request.

The session may include a configurable “read-back” size within thebuffer to support localized reverse seek requests. The client can beissued an error when attempting to seek data in a position below thisreserved range. In many cases, the read-back size can be relativelysmall (e.g., 100 kB). In other embodiments the read-back size can belarger.

Embodiments described herein provide systems and methods of using abuffer to stream file data from mounted tape file system volumes tomultiple clients. Requests to non-lagging clients can be serviced fromthe buffer while requests from lagging clients can be serviced from adisk cache.

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described withreference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in theart appreciates that various modifications and changes can be madewithout departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in theclaims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to beregarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and allsuch modifications are intended to be included within the scope ofinvention.

Although the invention has been described with respect to specificembodiments thereof, these embodiments are merely illustrative, and notrestrictive of the invention. The description herein of illustratedembodiments of the invention, including the description in the Abstractand Summary, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the inventionto the precise forms disclosed herein (and in particular, the inclusionof any particular embodiment, feature or function within the Abstract orSummary is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to suchembodiment, feature or function). Rather, the description is intended todescribe illustrative embodiments, features and functions in order toprovide a person of ordinary skill in the art context to understand theinvention without limiting the invention to any particularly describedembodiment, feature or function, including any such embodiment featureor function described in the Abstract or Summary. While specificembodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described herein forillustrative purposes only, various equivalent modifications arepossible within the spirit and scope of the invention, as those skilledin the relevant art will recognize and appreciate. As indicated, thesemodifications may be made to the invention in light of the foregoingdescription of illustrated embodiments of the invention and are to beincluded within the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, while theinvention has been described herein with reference to particularembodiments thereof, a latitude of modification, various changes andsubstitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosures, and it will beappreciated that in some instances some features of embodiments of theinvention will be employed without a corresponding use of other featureswithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as setforth. Therefore, many modifications may be made to adapt a particularsituation or material to the essential scope and spirit of theinvention.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “anembodiment,” or “a specific embodiment” or similar terminology meansthat a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described inconnection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodimentand may not necessarily be present in all embodiments. Thus, respectiveappearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” or“in a specific embodiment” or similar terminology in various placesthroughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the sameembodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, orcharacteristics of any particular embodiment may be combined in anysuitable manner with one or more other embodiments. It is to beunderstood that other variations and modifications of the embodimentsdescribed and illustrated herein are possible in light of the teachingsherein and are to be considered as part of the spirit and scope of theinvention.

In the description herein, numerous specific details are provided, suchas examples of components and/or methods, to provide a thoroughunderstanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in therelevant art will recognize, however, that an embodiment may be able tobe practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with otherapparatus, systems, assemblies, methods, components, materials, parts,and/or the like. In other instances, well-known structures, components,systems, materials, or operations are not specifically shown ordescribed in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of embodiments of theinvention. While the invention may be illustrated by using a particularembodiment, this is not and does not limit the invention to anyparticular embodiment and a person of ordinary skill in the art willrecognize that additional embodiments are readily understandable and area part of this invention.

Any suitable programming language can be used to implement the routines,methods or programs of embodiments of the invention described herein,including C, C++, Java, assembly language, etc. Different programmingtechniques can be employed such as procedural or object oriented. Anyparticular routine can execute on a single computer processing device ormultiple computer processing devices, a single computer processor ormultiple computer processors. Data may be stored in a single storagemedium or distributed through multiple storage mediums, and may residein a single database or multiple databases (or other data storagetechniques). Although the steps, operations, or computations may bepresented in a specific order, this order may be changed in differentembodiments. In some embodiments, to the extent multiple steps are shownas sequential in this specification, some combination of such steps inalternative embodiments may be performed at the same time. The sequenceof operations described herein can be interrupted, suspended, orotherwise controlled by another process, such as an operating system,kernel, etc. The routines can operate in an operating system environmentor as stand-alone routines. Functions, routines, methods, steps andoperations described herein can be performed in hardware, software,firmware or any combination thereof.

Embodiments described herein can be implemented in the form of controllogic in software or hardware or a combination of both. The controllogic may be stored in an information storage medium, such as acomputer-readable medium, as a plurality of instructions adapted todirect an information processing device to perform a set of stepsdisclosed in the various embodiments. Based on the disclosure andteachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the invention.

It is also within the spirit and scope of the invention to implement insoftware programming or of the steps, operations, methods, routines orportions thereof described herein, where such software programming orcode can be stored in a computer-readable medium and can be operated onby a processor to permit a computer to perform any of the steps,operations, methods, routines or portions thereof described herein. Theinvention may be implemented by using software programming or code inone or more general purpose digital computers, by using applicationspecific integrated circuits, programmable logic devices, fieldprogrammable gate arrays, optical, chemical, biological, quantum ornanoengineered systems, components and mechanisms may be used. Ingeneral, the functions of the invention can be achieved by any means asis known in the art. For example, distributed, or networked systems,components and circuits can be used. In another example, communicationor transfer (or otherwise moving from one place to another) of data maybe wired, wireless, or by any other means.

A “computer-readable medium” may be any medium that can contain, store,communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or inconnection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, system ordevice. The computer readable medium can be, by way of example only butnot by limitation, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic,infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, system, device,propagation medium, or computer memory. Such computer-readable mediumshall generally be machine readable and include software programming orcode that can be human readable (e.g., source code) or machine readable(e.g., object code).

A “processor” includes any, hardware system, mechanism or component thatprocesses data, signals or other information. A processor can include asystem with a general-purpose central processing unit, multipleprocessing units, dedicated circuitry for achieving functionality, orother systems. Processing need not be limited to a geographic location,or have temporal limitations. For example, a processor can perform itsfunctions in “real-time,” “offline,” in a “batch mode,” etc. Portions ofprocessing can be performed at different times and at differentlocations, by different (or the same) processing systems.

It will also be appreciated that one or more of the elements depicted inthe drawings/figures can also be implemented in a more separated orintegrated manner, or even removed or rendered as inoperable in certaincases, as is useful in accordance with a particular application.Additionally, any signal arrows in the drawings/figures should beconsidered only as exemplary, and not limiting, unless otherwisespecifically noted.

Furthermore, the term “or” as used herein is generally intended to mean“and/or” unless otherwise indicated. As used herein, including theclaims that follow, a term preceded by “a” or “an” (and “the” whenantecedent basis is “a” or “an”) includes both singular and plural ofsuch term, unless clearly indicated within the claim otherwise (i.e.,that the reference “a” or “an” clearly indicates only the singular oronly the plural). Also, as used in the description herein and throughoutthe claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on”unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have beendescribed above with regard to specific embodiments. However, thebenefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any component(s) thatmay cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become morepronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essentialfeature or component of any or all the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for providing a network based filesystem, comprising: a memory; a processor; a computer readable storagemedium storing a set of computer program instructions, the set ofcomputer program instructions comprising instructions executable to: fora request for a file partially stored in a disk-based cache, initiate atape streaming session corresponding to the file; allocate a buffer inthe memory for the tape streaming session, wherein the buffer is acircular buffer; during the tape streaming session: store file data inthe buffer read from an LTFS volume; restore the file to the disk-basedcache from the buffer; reply to read requests for file data of the filefrom non-lagging network file system interface clients associated withthe tape streaming session from the buffer; and reply to read requestsfor file data of the file from lagging network file system interfaceclients from the disk-based cache.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein thetape streaming session comprises: a tape data producer configured towrite file data into the buffer; one or more consumers configured toread data from the buffer; and wherein the set of computer programinstructions further comprise instructions executable to expel laggingconsumers from the tape streaming session.
 3. The system of claim 2,wherein the set of computer program instructions are further compriseinstructions executable to determine that a consumer is lagging if adata available size for that consumer equals a buffer size of thecircular buffer.
 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the set of computerprogram instructions further comprise instructions executable to:maintain an absolute producer index and virtual producer index; maintainan absolute consumer index for each of the one or more consumers and avirtual consumer index for each of the one or more consumers; and for aconsumer, delete the absolute consumer index and virtual consumer indexfor that consumer if that consumer is expelled from the tape streamingsession.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the set of computer programinstructions further comprise instructions executable to map linear filepositions to positions in the buffer.
 6. The system of claim 2, whereinthe one or more consumers comprise a file restoration consumer and oneor more client consumers.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the set ofcomputer program instructions further comprise instructions executableto add a client consumer to the tape streaming session for each networkfile system interface client from which an “open” command is receivedfor the file within a defined portion of the tape streaming session. 8.A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readablemedium storing a set of computer program instructions comprisinginstructions executable to: for a request for a file partially stored ina disk-based cache, initiate a tape streaming session corresponding tothe file; allocate a buffer in memory for the tape streaming session,wherein the buffer is a circular buffer; during the tape streamingsession: store file data in the buffer read from an LTFS volume; restorethe file to the disk-based cache from the buffer; reply to read requestsfor file data of the file from non-lagging network file system interfaceclients associated with the tape streaming session from the buffer; andreply to read requests for file data of the file from lagging networkfile system interface clients from the disk-based cache.
 9. The computerprogram product of claim 8, wherein the tape streaming sessioncomprises: a tape data producer configured to write file data into thebuffer; one or more consumers configured to read data from the buffer:wherein the set of computer program instructions further compriseinstructions executable to expel lagging consumers from the tapestreaming session.
 10. The computer program product of claim 9, whereinthe set of computer program instructions are further compriseinstructions executable to determine that a consumer is lagging if adata available size for that consumer equals a buffer size of thecircular buffer.
 11. The computer program product of claim 9, whereinthe set of computer program instructions further comprise instructionsexecutable to: maintain an absolute producer index and virtual producerindex; maintain an absolute consumer index for each of the one or moreconsumers and a virtual consumer index for each of the one or moreconsumers; and for a consumer, delete the absolute consumer index andvirtual consumer index for that consumer if that consumer is expelledfrom the tape streaming session.
 12. The computer program product ofclaim 8, wherein the set of computer program instructions furthercomprise instructions executable to map linear file positions topositions in the buffer.
 13. The computer program product of claim 9,wherein the one or more consumers comprise a file restoration consumerand one or more client consumers.
 14. The computer program product ofclaim 13, wherein the set of computer program instructions furthercomprise instructions executable to add a client consumer to the tapestreaming session for each network file system interface client fromwhich an “open” command is received for the file within a definedportion of the tape streaming session.
 15. A method for streaming filedata from a tape file comprising: interfacing with a media libraryhaving tapes storing files according to a tape file system; maintaininga read cache of files in a data store, the read cache containing filestubs of files in the media library; presenting a network file systeminterface to clients; for a request for a file having a file stub in theread cache, initiating a tape streaming session corresponding to thefile; allocating a buffer in memory for the tape streaming session,wherein the buffer is a circular buffer; during the tape streamingsession: storing file data for the file in the buffer read from a tapefile system volume; restoring the file to the data store from thebuffer; replying to read requests for file data of the file from thebuffer for read requests from non-lagging network file system interfaceclients associated with the tape streaming session; and replying to readrequests for file data of the file from the data store from laggingnetwork file system interface clients.
 16. The method of claim 15,wherein: the tape streaming session comprises: a tape data producerconfigured to write file data into the buffer; one or more consumersconfigured to read data from the buffer; and the method furthercomprises expelling lagging consumers from the tape streaming session.17. The method of claim 16, further comprising determining that aconsumer is lagging if a data available size for that consumer equals abuffer size of the circular buffer.
 18. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising: maintaining an absolute producer index and virtual producerindex; maintaining an absolute consumer index for each of the one ormore consumers and a virtual consumer index for each of the one or moreconsumers; and for a consumer, deleting the absolute consumer index andvirtual consumer index for that consumer if that consumer is expelledfrom the tape streaming session.
 19. The method of claim 18, furthercomprising mapping linear file positions to positions in the buffer. 20.The method of claim 16, wherein the one or more consumers comprise afile restoration consumer and one or more client consumers.
 21. Themethod of claim 20, further comprising adding a client consumer to thetape streaming session for each network file system interface clientfrom which an “open” command is received for the file within a definedportion of the tape streaming session.